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Ubuntu配置NFS的具体流程(推荐)

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NFS 是Network File System的缩写,即网络文件系统,一种使用于分散式文件系统的协定

NFS通过网络让不同的机器、不同的操作系统能够彼此分享个别的数据,例如将/home设置为共享目录,然后共享给网络中的其它服务器,这样每台机器就不必单独建立自己的/home路径了,NFS独立于操作系统,容许不同硬件及操作系统的系统共同进行文件的分享,是在类Unix系统间实现磁盘文件共享的一种方法

NFS本身没有提供信息传输的协议和功能,而是使用RPC服务完成这部分功能。可以说NFS本身就是使用RPC服务的一个程序,或者说NFS也是一个RPC SERVER。所以只要用到NFS的地方都要启动RPC服务,不论是NFS server还是NFS client,可以这么理解RPC和NFS之间的关系:NFS是一个文件系统,而RPC负责信息的传输

一,系统环境

Linux Distribution:Ubuntu 14

二,安装Linux NFS

sean@sean:~$ sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
[sudo] password for sean: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree    
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
 keyutils libgssglue1 libnfsidmap2 libtirpc1 nfs-common rpcbind
Suggested packages:
 open-iscsi watchdog
The following NEW packages will be installed:
 keyutils libgssglue1 libnfsidmap2 libtirpc1 nfs-common nfs-kernel-server
 rpcbind
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 159 not upgraded.
Need to get 460 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2,049 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libgssglue1 amd64 0.4-2ubuntu1 [19.7 kB]
Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libnfsidmap2 amd64 0.25-5 [32.2 kB]
Get:3 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libtirpc1 amd64 0.2.2-5ubuntu2 [71.3 kB]
Get:4 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main keyutils amd64 1.5.6-1 [33.6 kB]
Get:5 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main rpcbind amd64 0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2 [37.1 kB]
Get:6 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main nfs-common amd64 1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2 [181 kB]
Get:7 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main nfs-kernel-server amd64 1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2 [85.8 kB]
Fetched 460 kB in 16s (27.2 kB/s)                       
Selecting previously unselected package libgssglue1:amd64.
(Reading database ... 168701 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libgssglue1_0.4-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgssglue1:amd64 (0.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libnfsidmap2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libnfsidmap2_0.25-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libnfsidmap2:amd64 (0.25-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libtirpc1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../libtirpc1_0.2.2-5ubuntu2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libtirpc1:amd64 (0.2.2-5ubuntu2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package keyutils.
Preparing to unpack .../keyutils_1.5.6-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking keyutils (1.5.6-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rpcbind.
Preparing to unpack .../rpcbind_0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking rpcbind (0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nfs-common.
Preparing to unpack .../nfs-common_1%3a1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nfs-common (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nfs-kernel-server.
Preparing to unpack .../nfs-kernel-server_1%3a1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nfs-kernel-server (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot
Setting up libgssglue1:amd64 (0.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libnfsidmap2:amd64 (0.25-5) ...
Setting up libtirpc1:amd64 (0.2.2-5ubuntu2) ...
Setting up keyutils (1.5.6-1) ...
Setting up rpcbind (0.2.1-2ubuntu2.2) ...
 Removing any system startup links for /etc/init.d/rpcbind ...
rpcbind start/running, process 12074
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
Setting up nfs-common (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...

Creating config file /etc/idmapd.conf with new version

Creating config file /etc/default/nfs-common with new version
Adding system user `statd' (UID 118) ...
Adding new user `statd' (UID 118) with group `nogroup' ...
Not creating home directory `/var/lib/nfs'.
statd start/running, process 12307
gssd stop/pre-start, process 12341
idmapd start/running, process 12399
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
Setting up nfs-kernel-server (1:1.2.8-6ubuntu1.2) ...

Creating config file /etc/exports with new version

Creating config file /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server with new version
 * Not starting NFS kernel daemon: no exports.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.7) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...

通过安装日志可以发现总共会安装keyutils,libgssglue1,libnfsidmap2,libtirpc1,nfs-common,nfs-kernel-server,rpcbind这7个包

很多文档中安装的包为portmap,但是这个包已经被rpcbind替代

sean@sean:~$ sudo apt-get install portmap
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'rpcbind' instead of 'portmap'
rpcbind is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 164 not upgraded.
rpcbind包安装完成后会自动启动rpcbind服务

sean@sean:~$ ps -ef|grep rpcbind
root 807 1 0 22:27 ? 00:00:00 rpcbind
sean 10215 9528 0 22:48 pts/6 00:00:00 grep --color=auto rpcbind
但是由于目前NFS的配置文件为空,NFS服务并没有启动

三,配置NFS服务

从安装日志中我们可以发现NFS服务的配置文件为/etc/exports,并且这个文件在安装过程中已经生成好了,我们所要做的就是将NFS配置信息添加到这个文件中

sean@sean:~$ sudo vi /etc/exports
# /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be exported
#        to NFS clients. See exports(5).
#
# Example for NFSv2 and NFSv3:
# /srv/homes    hostname1(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) hostname2(ro,sync,no_subtree_check)
#
# Example for NFSv4:
# /srv/nfs4    gss/krb5i(rw,sync,fsid=0,crossmnt,no_subtree_check)
# /srv/nfs4/homes gss/krb5i(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
/home/sean/shareDir 192.168.137.129(rw,no_root_squash,async)

其中中的最后一行为新添加的NFS配置,NFS配置信息格式如下:

共享目录> [客户端1 选项(访问权限,用户映射,其他)] [客户端2 选项(访问权限,用户映射,其他)]

1,共享目录:

共享目录是指NFS系统中需要共享给客户机使用的目录

2,客户端:

客户端是指网络中可以访问NFS共享目录的计算机

客户端常用的指定方式:

(1)指定ip地址的主机:192.168.0.1
(2)指定子网中的所有主机:192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
(3)指定域名的主机:www.sean.com
(4)指定域中的所有主机:*.sean.com
(5)所有主机:*

3,选项:

选项用来设置输出目录的访问权限、用户映射等,NFS主要有3类选项:

访问权限选项:

(1)设置输出目录只读:ro
(2)设置输出目录读写:rw

用户映射选项:

(1)all_squash:将远程访问的所有普通用户及所属组都映射为匿名用户或用户组(nfsnobody)
(2)no_all_squash:与all_squash取反(默认设置)
(3)root_squash:将root用户及所属组都映射为匿名用户或用户组(默认设置)
(4)no_root_squash:与rootsquash取反
(5)anonuid=xxx:将远程访问的所有用户都映射为匿名用户,并指定该用户为本地用户(UID=xxx)
(6)anongid=xxx:将远程访问的所有用户组都映射为匿名用户组账户,并指定该匿名用户组账户为本地用户组账户(GID=xxx)

其它选项:

(1)secure:限制客户端只能从小于1024的tcp/ip端口连接nfs服务器(默认设置)
(2)insecure:允许客户端从大于1024的tcp/ip端口连接服务器
(3)sync:将数据同步写入内存缓冲区与磁盘中,效率低,但可以保证数据的一致性
(4)async:将数据先保存在内存缓冲区中,必要时才写入磁盘
(5)wdelay:检查是否有相关的写操作,如果有则将这些写操作一起执行,这样可以提高效率(默认设置)
(6)no_wdelay:若有写操作则立即执行,应与sync配合使用
(7)subtree:若输出目录是一个子目录,则nfs服务器将检查其父目录的权限(默认设置)
(8)no_subtree:即使输出目录是一个子目录,nfs服务器也不检查其父目录的权限,这样可以提高效率

四,启动NFS服务

sean@sean:~$ sudo service nfs-kernel-server start
 * Exporting directories for NFS kernel daemon...                                                                exportfs: /etc/exports [1]: Neither 'subtree_check' or 'no_subtree_check' specified for export "192.168.137.129:/home/sean/shareDir".
 Assuming default behaviour ('no_subtree_check').
 NOTE: this default has changed since nfs-utils version 1.0.x

 * Starting NFS kernel daemon  
sean@sean:~$ sudo service nfs-kernel-server status
nfsd running
sean@sean:~$ ps -ef|grep nfsd
root   10536   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd4]
root   10537   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd4_callbacks]
root   10539   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10540   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10541   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10542   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10543   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10544   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10545   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
root   10546   2 0 23:40 ?    00:00:00 [nfsd]
sean   10566  9528 0 23:41 pts/6  00:00:00 grep --color=auto nfsd

通过命令可以看到文件夹已经被共享

sean@sean:~$ showmount -e
Export list for sean:
/home/sean/shareDir 192.168.137.129

五,客户端挂载NFS共享目录

sean@ubuntu:~$ sudo mount 192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir /home/sean/shared
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on 192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir,
    missing codepage or helper program, or other error
    (for several filesystems (e.g. nfs, cifs) you might
    need a /sbin/mount.type> helper program)
    In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
    dmesg | tail or so

上网查看了一下错误原因,是因为客户端没有安装nfs-common包

sean@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common
之后再次使用挂载命令即可,此时如果我们再次查看客户端挂载的磁盘,就可以看到NFS共享目录已经被挂载上了

sean@ubuntu:~$ df
Filesystem             1K-blocks  Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev                  488800    4  488796  1% /dev
tmpfs                  99904  1456   98448  2% /run
/dev/sda1              19478204 3745568 14720156 21% /
none                    4    0     4  0% /sys/fs/cgroup
none                   5120    0   5120  0% /run/lock
none                  499512   152  499360  1% /run/shm
none                  102400   40  102360  1% /run/user
/dev/sr0               1044480 1044480     0 100% /media/sean/Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS amd64
192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir 19478272 4288896 14176896 24% /home/sean/shared

此时如果我们在128的/home/sean/shareDir目录下创建一个文件,在129的/home/sean/shared目录下可以看到一个名称相同的文件,并且文件的内容也相同

六,开机启动NFS服务

安装完成之后查看系统服务

sean@sean:~$ runlevel
N 2
sean@sean:~$ ll /etc/rc2.d
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 6月 20 23:25 ./
drwxr-xr-x 132 root root 12288 6月 26 20:16 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 677 2月 17 12:59 README
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2月 22 06:33 S20kerneloops -> ../init.d/kerneloops*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 6月 20 23:25 S20nfs-kernel-server -> ../init.d/nfs-kernel-server*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2月 22 06:33 S20rsync -> ../init.d/rsync*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 27 2月 22 06:33 S20speech-dispatcher -> ../init.d/speech-dispatcher*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 2月 22 06:33 S50saned -> ../init.d/saned*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 2月 22 06:33 S70dns-clean -> ../init.d/dns-clean*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S70pppd-dns -> ../init.d/pppd-dns*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 2月 22 06:33 S99grub-common -> ../init.d/grub-common*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S99ondemand -> ../init.d/ondemand*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 2月 22 06:33 S99rc.local -> ../init.d/rc.local*
nfs-kernel-server是自动启动,就不需要再进行修改了,而rpcbind就比较麻烦了,找了半天才找到vi /etc/init/rpcbind-boot.conf

# portmap-boot

description "Upstart job to start rpcbind on boot only"
author "Clint Byrum"

emits start-rpcbind

start on virtual-filesystems and net-device-up IFACE=lo

task

exec initctl emit --no-wait start-rpcbind ON_BOOT=y
可以见到这个服务设为开机启动了

七,开机自动挂载共享盘

这时候我们需要修改的文件是/etc/fstab,命令格式如下:

NFS服务端>:共享目录> 本地目录> 文件系统类型> 选项> dump> pass>每个字段的具体含义这里就不详细解释了,vi /etc/fstab,在文件中添加下面这行配置

192.168.137.128:/home/sean/shareDir /home/sean/shared nfs defaults 0 0系统每次启动时即会自动挂载共享盘

以上这篇Ubuntu配置NFS的具体流程(推荐)就是小编分享给大家的全部内容了,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。

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